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ree. How many does your pig have? The lungs in your fetal pig are small and fairly solid because they have never been inflated. Inflation causes lungs to have a spongy appearance. Note the position of the diaphragm in relation to the lungs. Contraction of the diaphragm enlarges the thoracic cavity and pulls air into the lungs. Remember that only mammals have a true muscular diaphragm; other terrestrial vertebrates use a variety of methods to inflate their lungs. Examine the lungs and note the pleural membranes (one lining the inner surface of the pleural cavity and the other covering the outer surface of the lung). As mentioned earlier, the intrapleural space is filled with fluid. This fluid allows the membranes to slide freely across each other, much like two wet panes of glass (easy to slide, hard to separate), and allows them to maintain contact. This ensures that the lungs will inflate when the thoracic cavity expands as a result of diaphragmatic contraction or expansion of the rib cage. When neonatal mammals inhale for the first time, their lungs inflate. When they then exhale, the lungs don’t deflate all the way. That’s because pulmonary surfactants reduce the surface tension of water (just like soap does – you can float a bottlecap on water until you add a surfactant like soap). In this case the water is in the form of a film that coats each and every alveolus. If it weren’t for these surfactants, the surface tension of this layer would collapse the delicate alveoli – causing the lungs to “collapse” after each breath. This surfactant is produced by the lungs during the last part of pregnancy. Think about it 1. Why does the trachea have cartilaginous rings? 2. Why is it important for air to be moist when it enters the lungs? Many desert mammals have extremely convoluted nasal cavities. How might these large and complex nasal cavities conserve water during exhalation? 3. When you catch a cold, you get a runny nose. Is snot your body’s way of combating a viral invader, or is the virus simply using you to reproduce and spread itself? The common cold generally doesn't land you in bed: is this evidence of you're own abilities to "fight" the virus, or is the virus manipulating you to maximize its exposure to uninfected individuals? 4. What is the function of the eustachian tubes? CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Objectives 1. Identify and describe the function of the main organs and structures in the circulatory system. 2. Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. 3. Describe how the circulatory and respiratory systems work together to bring about the integrated functioning of the body. 4. Understand portal circulation. 5. Understand mammalian fetal circulation from a
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